Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay Example for Free

Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay The Literature of Early America p. 1-5 1. The first Europeans to establish settlements on this continent did not call it America until the 18th century. What did these early settlers call it? The New World 2. The colonies that became the United States were for the most part inhabited by individuals from which European country? England 3. How much is known of the perspectives of the native inhabitants of this continent before the European arrival? Why? With the help of archaeologist, ethnographical, and oral materials much has been learned 4. What was the so-called Columbian Exchange, and what were the results? The passing of biological matter between Native Americans and Europeans. The result is illness and death reduced to less than 10% of the original number 5. Although Leif Ericson first saw North America as early as 1000, and Columbus, of course, arrived in 1492, when did French and English colonization really begin to take hold? Early 1600s 6. After the Native American oral tradition, which writing could probably be considered the first American literature? American Literature 7. What three things set the stage for the seventeenth-century expansion of English colonization that would ultimately lead to the first United States? 1)The Reformation 2)English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 3)emerging capitalist economies 8. Unlike the Spanish explorers who were financially supported by royalty, how were the English settlers supported? How did this affect the future of the colonies? English settlers were supported by banks joint-stock companies. It moved it away from the old hierarchies of church crown 9. What were the three general cultural/economic groups established in these early British colonies? Southern Colonies, Middle Colonies, New England 10. Which area was initially the most difficult to settle and why? Southern Colony-malaria and starvation were rampant in the early 17th century 11. Which crop ultimately proved quite profitable to the southern colony in Virginia? tobacco 12. After the native populations had been decimated by disease and the brutality of enslavement, how did the English settlers respond to the demand for labor? Indentured servants 13. Which of the British settlements was the most ethnically and religiously diverse? Middle Colonies 14. Who were the first group of Europeans in America to denounce slavery? The Quakers 15. Which group established the first permanent colony in New England? What was it called, and when was it established? Pilgrim settlement of Plymouth 1620 16. Which much larger Puritan settlement was established in New England ten years later? Puritan â€Å"Great Migration† 1630 17. What was the name of the first permanent English settlement in North America? Where was it located and when was it established? Est Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 Captain John Smith 18. What is the name of the English sea captain who wrote what is described as the first distinctly American writing in English? Captain John Smith 19. In what way did Smiths descriptions help lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans to this new land? He described as Paradise. His vision of a new abundant world, along with his mapping 20. Smith also created maps of which area? New England Coast 21. Why did literature develop more slowly in the South? Towns were few, farms were separated, urban audience for books and newspaper were scant 22. Which two movements greatly influenced the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay? Renaissance and Reformation 23. Why is the Renaissance generally regarded as the beginning of modern civilization? It was the advancement of government, philosophy, and science 24. In what sense did firearms and books break down the social and political hierarchy? Books taught people to think for themselves, guns gave them the power to destroy body armor 25. In what sense does the work of Copernicus reflect the Renaissances break with tradition and authority? It questioned the pagan believes 26. A new spirit of scientific inquiry was inspired by the invention of which two scientific instruments? Gun power and printing press 27. During the Reformation, what aspects of the Church did the religious reformers criticize? The authority of its spiritual leader, the pope and priest 28. How did Protestants earn that name? because of the protest against church doctrines, and the power of priest, and commands of bishops popes ________________________________________ John Smiths Biography p. 41-42 1. Why do you suppose the first permanent English colony was called Jamestown? Because King James I granted a royal charter to plant colonies in England’s North America Territories 2. Why was the settlement at Jamestown, initially, disastrous? Jamestown was swampy, lacked steadfast leaders, didn’t build houses, plant crops, find gold. More than half died the 1st winter 3. What role did Smith assume? A leader, President 4. In Smiths A Description of New England, published in 1616, he mapped the coast of New England. However, his trip to New England in 1614 wasnt for that purpose. Why did he go? To search for jar gold called Jars 5. Which group of settlers purchased Smiths maps of New England? Pilgrims 6. What was the first English book written in America? A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia 7. In Smiths most influential book The General History of Virginia (1624), how did he describe the New World? Riches and wilderness delights, place of freedom, joy, and abundance 8. Who named the area New England? Smith 9. Why do some question Smiths romantic account of his rescue by the Indian princess Pocahontas? Because it was written seven years after Pocahontas’ death. He could have been adopted and not known 10. The Smith/Pocahontas tale is one of the earliest examples of what particular narrative form in early American literature? fable ________________________________________ John Smith from A Description of New England (1616) p. 55-63 1. Although this work was published in 1616, it was based on Smiths return trip to New England in what year? 1614 2. Why was his trip a financial failure? Looking for gold and copper and it wasn’t fish season 3. Why did Smith find it difficult to trade fish and furs in the area? Because Sir Francis Popham traded a lot and he got most of it 4. What characteristics does Smith say one must have to conquer this land and make it thrive? Ability to work 5. What do you think the following quote suggests to those reading his account back in England? only here and there we touched or have seen a little [of] the edges of those large dominions which do stretch themselves into the main[land], God knows how many thousand miles there is a lot more land to discover, don’t limit yourself 6. He describes the coast as being overgrown with [what] and an incredible abundance of [what]? Good timber, most sorts of fish, fowl, and good fruits 7. As he discusses the abundance of fish, what European comparison does he make to elevate this lowly staple to something that can, in fact, build countries? Which group (who settled here later in 1620) might this have appealed to? Hollanders 8. What does Smith use to lure people from England to the New World (see middle paragraph on page 58)? Men can be master of their own fate/no landlords 9. Smith mentions the fertile ground, but he also says that, if need be, one can trade with the natives for goods like corn. What does he say (and what tone does he use) about those savages who may be uncooperative? With 30 or 40 men sufficient to bring in line/disdain 10. Notice the way Smith begins each of the paragraphs on page 60: Of mines of gold Of woods The waters The herbs and fruits Oak Eagles Whales Moose What is he doing to try to lure the English to this new land? Painting a picture of abudance 11. What kind of individuals do you think Smith is targeting when he says, Who can desire more content, that has small means or but only his merit to advance his fortune, than to tread and plant that ground he has purchased by the hazard of his life? The Common Man 12. What do you think of Smiths reference to the holy quest some might take by making the journey to the New World? : If he have any grain of faith or zeal in religion, what can he do less hurtful to any or more agreeable to God than to seek to convert those poor savages to know Christ and humanity? Crusaders 13. What emotions do you think Smith is tapping into when he says the following? : What so truly suits with honor and honesty as the discovering things unknown, erecting towns, peopling countries, informing the ignorant, reforming things unjust, teaching virtue, and gain to our native mother-country a kingdom to attend her, find employment for those that are idle because they know not what to do? 14. On page 62, what does Smith say might be his role in helping these newcomers adjust to this new land? Do you see this as self-serving or sacrificial on Smiths part? If he lied they can fault him/ self-serving 15. Smith has spoken of the rewards that will come from hard work. What does he say about the pleasures to be enjoyed in this new land? Hunting or hawking is great

The Strategies to achieve competitive positions

The Strategies to achieve competitive positions Choose one of the four competitive positions mentioned in the strategy lecture and discuss, using examples, the marketing strategies an organisation would employ to achieve that position. Competitive strategies are chosen by firms depending on their roles in the market leader, challenger, follower or nicher. This essay will focus on firms who are market leaders and what marketing strategies are used to help them achieve that position. Every industry has its own market leader. Kotler, P. (2005) believes the market leader is one that has the largest market share or highest profitability margin in a given market for goods and services. Market leader often leads other firms in product innovation, price changes; distribution channels and promotion strategies. Good examples of market leaders would be Apple with their ranges of IPod, touch phones and tablet computer, Google with its search engine, social networking Facebook and Tesco (supermarket chains). Market leadership is extremely important. Almost every firm wants to be the first in the market. The reason is not only the revenue but it is because most customers prefer to buy from leaders. They perceive leaders to be better and they perceive leaders to be a safer purchase. Reference groups are great in influencing consumers behaviour. People tend to buy from where everyone else buys, this helps strengthening the leaders position. To become a market leader, a firm needs to own and control the relevant technology in whatever market it is in either through the use of patent or other proprietary protections. Moreover, it needs to adopt and implement better technologies directly, whenever they become available, regardless of whether or not any other organisations are currently using them. It is critical to be the first to use a technology or create a category for a product. Then make it an industry standard. Baines, P., Fill, C. Page, K. (2008) defined the two main strategies used by firms to achieve market leadership position are: Attack the market Defend the position Apart from expanding the total demand and protecting market share, the market leaders should try to expanding market share, even if market size remains constant (Kotler Gary, 2005). Forth strategy is proposed by Brassington, F Pettitt, S. (2006) who believed that companies should also seek stability and retention of customer base. In this essay, the four strategies will be analysed with appropriate examples of firms that applied those strategies successfully and firms that failed during competition. Attack the market Attack the market can be operated in different ways. The firms can create new uses, new consumers categories or increase frequency of use. This strategy is extremely popular as the dominant firm normally gains the most when the total market expands. In general, the market leader should look for new customers or more usage from existing customers. Every product has the potential of attracting buyers who are unaware of the product or who are still under consideration because of price or the products do not have some certain features. A company can search for new users among three groups: those who might use it but do not (market-penetration strategy), those who have never used it (new-market segment strategy), or those who live elsewhere (geographical-expansion strategy). Example: Johnson Johnson baby shampoo was losing market share due to birth rate declining, they had expand their customers segmentation, targeting adults which helped them regain their leader position. (New user) Kelloggs Crunchy Nut has expanded their ranges and introduced snack bars which increase frequency of use, relatively increase sales of the product. Defend the position/Protect market share The leader must constantly monitor the market because the market challenger is persistently trying to take away market share or worse, to replace the leaders position in the market. The firms can defend their positions in the market and their market share by monitoring their position, regular innovation; eliminate any weaknesses, price cutting and discount, increases promotion. Defend the position in the market is a difficult task for market leaders since they may be under attack from numbers of different competitors small to medium firms in the existing market or big players want to expand from a completely different industry. Although defence strategies may require a deployment of resources to defend different parts of the operation, it is hard of a challenger brand to dislodge a market leader if the market leader is actively defending territory. There are six different ways in defense strategy which are: Position defense (purely defensive is not enough, firms must take offensive counter-measure). It is considered as the least successful in the defense strategies. This defense was use by Mercedes until Toyota launched a frontal attack with its Lexus. Mobile defense (more than aggressively defend, stretches domain over new territories) E.g.: Legend Holdings, the top China PC maker Legend has announced a joint venture with AOL to broaden its business to provide Internet services in the mainland. Flanking defense (guarding territory is not enough, firms must create outposts/flanks to protect weak front and invasion base for counter attack) E.g. Gold Eagle is a flanking brand introduced by San Miguel in the Philippines as a defense against APBs Beerhausen. Contraction defense (strategic withdrawal: give up weak territories, concentrates strength and resources at more dependable areas). The market leader must make its own assessment to prioritise the importance of territories and should be willing to relinquish those that are not important to defend for those that are. E.g. Indias TATA Group sold its soaps and detergents business units to Unilever in 1993 or Ford retired T-birds and Probe to focus on Contour and Taurus. Pre-emptive defense (Detect potential attacks and attack the enemies first) Seiko with 2,300 watch models is considered as a successful example for this category while Heinz proved failure as they did not respond to Hunts attack which leaded to Hunt established a rival brand. Counter-offensive defense (Respond to competitors head-on attack by identifying the attackers weakness and then launch a counter attack) E.g. Toyota launched the Lexus to respond to Mercedes attack. Continuous innovation is considered as the best way to protect market share and is required for long-term leadership. When leaders become self-satisfied with their products or services, it becomes easier for the challenger to make progress. In large markets, small increases in market share can turn into great sales increases; a one-point gain in market share can be worth hundreds of millions of pounds. However not every firm understands the importance of continuous innovative process and often failed in retaining their positions in the market. Companies are hindered from investing and following through with innovation because they fear cannibalising established products (Tellis Golder, 1996). In order to protect mainframe sales, IBM obstructed its development of minicomputers and workstations while competitors kept making inroads into the mainframe market. Another reason why companies are less worried about innovation is that they are satisfied with their progress. Yahoo was satisfied with its social networking Yahoo 360Â  [1]Â  until the company started to lose market share to Facebook and Friendster in Asia. Thirdly, large bureaucracies can discourage innovations or slow the progress when companies bring new products to market. GM and IBM are well-known examples for this problem. Despite their technological strength and financial resources, both companies were slow to bring out new products because of their bureaucratic approval process. Firms that do well in continuous innovation are Apple, Procter Gamble. Apple was certainly not the first manufacturer to MP3 players but its iPod was totally different to anything else on the market at the time of its release. Apple has a large range of IPod from IPod shuffle, IPod Nano with stylish shapes or IPod classic for music lovers as they can hold a great number of files and IPod touch for multifunctional uses. The firm also introduced to its customers a range of IPhone from 2G-3GS and promising the new version of IPhone (IPhone 5) in 2011. Procter Gamble the worlds largest consumer products company- takes innovation seriously which shown in their heavily investment in innovative process. They outspend competition in Research and Development believing if they provide branded products of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the worlds consumers, consumers will reward them with leadership sales, profit and value creations. They are well-known for their open innovation outlook. As not all brilliant ideas are coming from internal, it is critically for firms to seek new ideas, innovations from outside. PG has introduced three different networks in which they encouraged their employees to interact with outside world or link different companies in different part of the world working towards a same goal. By doing this, they have received exceptional amount of new ideas, innovative products to increase sales and market share in consumers market. Expand market share Expand market share can gain great profits for the company but there is a drawback. Too many customers can put a strain on the firms resources, hurting product value and service delivery. Example: America Online experienced growing pains when its customer base expanded, resulting in system outages and access problems (Kotler Keller, 2006). Consumers may also infer that bigger is not better and assume that growth will lead to a deterioration of quality. If exclusivity is a key brand benefit, existing customer may resent additional new customers. (Kotler Keller, 2006) This strategy can be operated via the marketing mix. However this strategy can provoke antitrust action or anti-dumping charge. Vietnamese rice export market has received multiple charges on dumping issues in European market trying to gain more market share in short period of time. Economic cost such as legal costs needs to be taking in consideration. Wrong marketing mix strategy is also one of the problems firms face when expanding market share (for example: focus on unattractive segments). Successful example of firm in expanding market share is Starbucks. The company plans to continue to rapidly expand its retail operations, grow its specialty sales and other operations, and selectively pursue opportunities to leverage the Starbucks brand through the introduction of new products and the development of new distribution channels. Seek stability and retention of customer base Tesco is a great example for applying this strategy. They try to retain customers loyal via promotion and Club card which customers can save as they shop and spend the points on various products. Tesco seeks stability, it competes on prices with rivals such as Sainsburys and Asda, although it also focuses on customer service, how to deliver good service with reasonable price to the customers. It is important that leader firms understand their strengths and weaknesses, also have a clear view of their competitors in the market. Choosing the right defense strategy is critical in order to retain their position as leaders and continue to expand the total market and market share, as well as profitability. Market leaders should take innovation seriously in order to stay in the leading position.

Beneath the Skin :: Make up Fashion Personal Narrative Papers

Beneath the Skin I bought new makeup yesterday. It’s a new kind from Almay called ‘Nearly Naked,’ which is supposed to hide the wearer’s imperfections but still let her skin show through. Obviously the idea is to make it seem like there is no makeup and that yes, this is how I look when I roll out of bed. Isn’t that what it’s about, though? Hiding one’s imperfections from the world while trying to convince the world that it’s the â€Å"real you†? So here I sit, face freshly washed and devoid of makeup, ready for examination to see what can be discovered about my life from my facial features. Let’s start at the top: the forehead. Not too big, not too small (though I’m sure if I stare at it long enough that sentiment will change). Two little indents serve as a reminder to when I had the chicken pox, age eleven. During the sixth grade, all the kids in my class got chicken pox, and I was one of the last to get it. At the time we were living in England, and my mother’s friend was visiting from the U.S. I didn’t want her to see me with all these terrible little marks on my skin. I wanted to hide in my bed for two weeks. There were pictures of me during that time—I’m holding my hamster and not looking at the camera—but I cut out the little part of the photos with my hamster in them and threw the rest of the photos out. I wanted no reminder of how sick I looked during that time. So now, years later, small bumps and irregularities are scattered across the once smooth surface. My shaggy eyebrows should be plucked in order to banish those tiny strays under the brow, but I can’t be bothered. I used to have very high-maintenance eyebrows back in high school. They were arched and tapered to a beautiful finish at just the right spot a little further out than where my eye ends. But I was a different person then—someone I’m not now. While those eyebrows were fun they represent someone else—perhaps someone who was not as comfortable with herself as she is now. Someone who was just coming into her own and feeling slightly awkward, and decided to make her eyebrows as pretty as possible, to give the illusion of maturity.

Dulce et Decorum Est An Emotional Appeal :: essays papers

Dulce et Decorum Est An Emotional Appeal War brings with it countless tragedies. Many of these tragedies only a veteran could fully understand. All too often the ugliness of war is glorified, and even worse, glamorized. In the poem Dulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen, the glorification of war is sarcastically refuted. Owen’s anger is eminent, as he graphically describes war in terms only a veteran or embattled soldier could comprehend. Dulce et Decorum Est, means â€Å"It is sweet and becoming to die for one’s country†(Arp 566). The title is used satirically, which the speaker defines within the very first phrase in the poem: â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†(565). The speaker continues the description of the once young and healthy boys: â€Å"Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, /Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs†(565), if the war enthusiast was not yet feeling guilty—now would be the time. The emotion that illuminates from these statements is powerful and intense. It is now clear, that one who has lived through war, could not possibly glorify it. The speaker vividly describes the hell soldiers endure while desperately trying to stay alive. Exhausted, injured, and â€Å"Drunk with fatigue†(566), the men go on—terrified, yet brave, the men go on. These men are not just a bunch of nameless men going to battle, the y have names, and families, and beating hearts. The author of Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense, Thomas R. Arp, asks the reader to â€Å"List the elements of the poem that seem no beautiful and therefore ‘unpoetic.’ Are there any elements of beauty in the poem?†(566). Although this is an extremely dark poem, and reveals some very ugly realities, I find it beautiful. It may not be about flowers, and the sun, and the gleaming ocean, but it is beautifully expressed—the way it ought to be. It encourages thinking and feeling, while removing ignorance. The intensity grows as the length of the poem grows. First, the speaker told of the men, and how they trudged towards distant rest (566). Now, further in the poem he singles out a single man. He also mentions himself as he explains â€Å"I saw him drowning†. He is referring to the one man who could not get his gas mask on in time to prevent death. During this passage, I could not help but to visualize the one young man who was left â€Å"flound’ring†, and maintaining dry eyes became near impossible.

Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers

Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi.

Wide Reading

Describe a character that interests you in The Fat Man and explain why that character interested you. Colin a 12 year old boy interested me from the book The Fat Man by Maurice Gee. Colin is a hungry boy caught up by the effects of the Depression. He learns from the fat man that his dad was a bully in school and the fat man wants revenge for what they did to him. Colin is interesting because of the time he lives in and because he has to learn truths about his parents and being brave and helping Verna.We learn from the book that Colin is a hungry skinny 12 year old boy who is always desperate for food. As it was the Depression there was not enough money to buy food to eat. Laurie (Colin’s father) has trouble finding a job and getting enough money to feed his family. In the book it tells us that Colin is a hungry boy with the quotation â€Å"Colin Potter was a hungry boy. † The other quotation â€Å"They were hard times. There were hungry times† tell us that Colinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s dad can’t find a job and get money that they need to buy food and they were quite hungry when Laurie couldn’t earn money.I thought this was interesting as it is different from how children nowadays are being brought up in New Zealand and having enough food for the whole family to have plenty to replenish their hunger when we are hungry. It is hard to imagine how New Zealand children were like during the Depression, hungry for food. Colin is interesting because he has a scary encounter with the fat man and learns that he wants revenge for being bullied by Colin’s father at school. Colin meets the fat man at the creek. The fat man holds him back even though he doesn’t want to and discovers Colin had stolen his chocolate.The fat man soon discovers that Maisie and Laurie were Colin’s parents. The fat man tells Colin about his parents. How his father bullied him at school and farting and blaming everything on the fat man. Laurie and his friends also spat sandwiches everyday at the fat man and made him eat them. â€Å"I cried too, everyday for a year. Pottsie liked it†. It tells us that Laurie made the fat man cry as he bullied him everyday for a year and the fat man hated it a lot. The second quotation â€Å"Then they’d spit on it†¦ Spit sandwich was its name.I ate one of those everyday. † The fat man had to go through Laurie and his friends spitting sandwiches on him everyday and he didn’t like it. It is very interesting seeing how Colin deals with truths about his father. In Colin’s eyes, his father seemed smaller to him now. Colin is a very interesting boy as he was very kind and supportive towards Verna when she had hard times. Despite Colin being very afraid of the fat man and the bullies at school, Colin stands up for Verna and walks her home even though he knows that the Rice gang is going to get him soon.Colin walks home with Verna. The quote in the book is â€Å"I’l l walk with you† which was very kind of him even though he didn’t want to. Colin’s bravery to me makes him a very interesting character. Colin is a very interesting character in this whole story. He overcomes his fear of the fat man and the bullies at school because he was a kind boy and wanted to help Verna. I also learnt more about the Depression – how many people could not find jobs and therefore their families could not afford food.

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Capital is A ) tools, equipment, and factories used in the production of goods and services; one of four factors of production. Economics is the use of what to produce and distribute goods and services? Correct D ) resources Want is Correct B ) way of expressing a need that leads to a preference for some goods over others The fundamental economic problem is Correct B ) scarcity. Why do economists need to find the answer to all three of these questions? Correct D ) there are not enough resources to satisfy people's seemingly unlimited wants Markets where productive resources are bought and sold are ______ markets.Correct A ) factor The key feature of the circular flow of economic activity is the Correct C ) market. Economics is based on Correct B ) scarcity. includes the tools, equipment, machinery, and factories used in the production of goods and services. Correct B ) Capital Twenty percent of the world's people in the wealthiest nations consume ____ percent of the world's goods and services. Correct A ) 86 In this passage, â€Å"Too much marketing today focuses on awareness rather than reasons to buy. In the old days, awareness advertising was more effective.There was less competition. All you had to worry about was whether or not people remembered your product. As technology and more kinds of media have come about, it's no longer enough to be remembered. The consumer has too many choices. Your marketing has to send the message that you are relevant. You need to be sending reasons to buy. † Advertisers are advised to focus on the economic concept of Correct C ) utility Manufactured goods needed to produce other goods and services are called Correct B ) capital goods. The dollar value of all final goods and services and the ost comprehensive measure of a country's total production output is Correct D ) Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The three basic economic questions everyone must answer are Correct C ) WHAT to produce, HOW to produce, FOR WHOM to produc e. Human capital is Correct B ) the sum of the skills, abilities, health, and motivation of people. According to Alice Rivlin in this passage: â€Å"Economic literacy is like having a working knowledge of a foreign language. If you are with a group of foreigners and don't speak their language at all, you feel excluded.If you have a rudimentary working knowledge of the language, you can at least follow the drift of the conversation, ask a few questions and feel that, even if you are not getting the fine points, you are not totally left out and you have a basis for acquiring more knowledge. That, it seems to me, is what economic literacy means-a rudimentary working knowledge of the concepts and language of economic activity. If you have a rudimentary working knowledge of economic concepts, you will be Correct B ) able to ask questions to gain more knowledge. Factors of production is/are CorrectB ) productive resources that make up the four categories of land, capital, labor, and entr epreneurship. â€Å"There Is No Such Thing As A Free Lunch† reminds us that Correct A ) resources are scarce and that we must make careful economic decisions regarding WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM to produce. In this passage, â€Å"To take an example,†¦ One man draws out the wire, another straightens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it;†¦ and [the making of] a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations. † Adam Smith is describing the basic economic concept of CorrectC ) division of labor. The situation in which some necessities have little value while some non-necessities have a much higher value is known as Correct A ) paradox of value. The money used to buy the tools and equipment needed for production is known as Correct C ) financial capital. In which type of economy do consumers and privately owned businesses make the majority of the WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM decisions?. Correct B ) free enterprise Division of labor is a charact eristic of Correct B ) assembly line production. The free market economy has developed a strong CorrectB ) system of banks. In modern economies, the medium of exchange is Correct B ) money. Which of the following lists the four factors of production? Correct D ) land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs Actions in one part of the country or world that have an economic impact on what happens elsewhere are examples of Correct D ) economic interdependence. Uneven distribution of oil reserves around the world is an example of scarcity of Correct C ) geography. One advantage of a ___________ economy is that it gradually adjusts to change over time. Correct A ) market A traditional economy is an CorrectB ) economy in which the allocation of resources and nearly all other economic activity from ritual or habit. The high degree of freedom in a market system is illustrated by the fact that Correct A ) producers can make whatever they think will sell. To arrive at an economic decision, a decision-m aking grid may be used to evaluate Correct C ) alternative choices of action. Who makes economic decisions in a command economy? Correct C ) the government An example of a market economy is Correct C ) the United States Economics is the use of what to produce and distribute goods and services? Correct D ) resourcesIn the cost-benefit analysis described in this passage: â€Å"Research has long demonstrated the educational value of early intervention for America's at-risk children, but a new study also shows the federal programs are a wise public investment. who are the investors A cost-benefit analysis of the federally funded Chicago Child-Parent Center program, which serves children from low-income families in Chicago's inner city [shows that] an average annual cost of $6,730 per child generated a total return to society at large of $47,759 per participant. † Who benefited from the savings? Correct C ) all of societyA popular model used to illustrate the concept of opportunit y cost is Correct A ) the production possibilities frontier. Which of the following best describes the relationship between trade-offs and opportunity costs? Correct A ) Opportunity costs are incurred when trade-offs are made. The study of economics is important because it enables us to Correct C ) become better decision makers. The most important function of a distribution system is to link _____. Correct C ) producers and consumers Which term refers to the idea that if you have more of one thing, you must have less of another? CorrectB ) opportunity cost What type of economic system does this passage: â€Å"So long as mankind lived by raising crops and herding animals, there was not much need for measuring small units of time. The seasons were all important-to know when to expect the rain, the snow, the sun, the cold. Why bother with hours and minutes? Daylight was the only important time, the only time when men could work. † describe? Correct A ) traditional economy The pu rpose of government in a command economy is to Correct C ) make major economic decisions. A market economy Correct A ) does not provide for everyone's basic needs.Opportunity cost is the Correct D ) cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another. An economy at its production possibilities frontier is operating Correct B ) at full potential. The term â€Å"standard of living† refers to Correct A ) quality of life in a country. Bar graphs Correct A ) shows relationships between different data series is the bar graph. Here the height of the bar represents the measured value or frequency: The higher or longer the bar, the greater the value. The main drawback of the traditional economy is that itCorrect A ) tends to discourage new ideas and ways of doing things. In the economic system described in this passage: â€Å"Diaguita Indians have lived in this region for generations†¦ We grow beans, corn and potatoes on the mountain slopes. To irrigate these crops, we still use the channels built centuries ago by our ancestors. We also breed llamas. In our community, the more llamas you own, the richer you are† . answers to the basic economic questions would be determined by Correct A ) habit and custom. All of the following are characteristics of a command economy EXCEPTCorrect B ) public services are available at little or no cost. In a ____________ economy, a central authority makes most of the WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM decisions. Correct B ) command What do we call a way of thinking that compares the cost of an action to its benefits? Correct A ) cost-benefit analysis What is the single largest source of revenue for the federal government? Correct C ) individual income taxes The benefit principle of taxation states that Correct D ) people who benefit from government goods and services should pay taxes according to the benefit they receiveFICA includes taxes to pay for Correct A ) Social Se curity and Medicare. Personal individual income tax is a _____________ tax. Correct B ) regressive An exception or oversight in the tax law that allows some people and businesses to avoid paying taxes is called a Correct C ) tax loophole The three criteria for effective taxes are Correct D ) equity, simplicity, and efficiency A ________ tax paid by corporations on their income. Correct D ) corporate income tax This passage: â€Å"We'll cut your taxes† is the most repeated campaign promise in the history of American politics.Yet somehow it is still considered visionary, worth a fight. Worth, indeed, a crusade. Why? It's in our blood. Historically, Americans have hated taxes, and not merely because we had to pay them. We've hated taxes because we've perceived them to be an infringement on our liberty-and the source of big, powerful, and mischievous government. This was true from the beginning. It wasn't just â€Å"taxation without representation† that bothered us so much . It was taxation. Period. † compares the feelings of Americans toward taxation today to those same feelings around the time of the Correct C ) American Revolution.The incidence of a tax can more effectively be shifted from the supplier to the consumer if Correct A ) the demand curve is inelastic. The ability-to-pay principle of taxation states that Correct C ) people should be taxed according to their ability to pay. Iowa residents can take solace in knowing that they'll likely help the state with its budget crunch if President Bush cuts federal taxes. Iowa's softening economy has left state government revenue stagnant, a problem caused by a lack of spending by Iowans. Sales-tax receipts have barely bumped up from last year, and it's coming back to hit the state budget.In Iowa, residents get to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes. So if the federal government saves Iowans $1 billion in income a tax, that's $1 billion that the state will get to tax. According to the passage, how will a cut in federal income taxes help the Iowa state budget crunch? Correct A ) The state can tax more of residents' income. Intergovernmental revenues are generally intended for Correct A ) education and public welfare. According to the passage: America can celebrate Tax Freedom Day ® on May 3, 2001, according to the Tax Foundation's annual calculation.That means that the nation's taxpayers have to work from January 1, 2001, to the 123rd day of the year before earning enough money to pay for government-federal, state, and local-and start spending money on themselves. †¦ Individual income taxes represent the largest component of Americans' tax bills†¦. what is the meaning of â€Å"Tax Freedom Day†? Correct D ) By that day, you have earned enough to pay your income taxes for the year. The authority to levy a federal income tax comes from Correct B ) the Sixteenth Amendment. An excise tax is a Correct B ) tax on the manufacture and s ale of selected items. The â€Å"incidence of a tax†Correct B ) refers to those who bear the final burden of taxation. A _____________ tax is tax on tangible and intangible possessions, such as real estate, buildings, furniture, stocks, bonds, and bank accounts. Correct B ) property The three largest sources of revenue for local governments are Correct A ) utility and liquor store income, property tax, and intergovernmental revenues. FICA is Correct D ) tax levied on employers and employees to support Social Security and Medicare According to the passage: â€Å"Back in 1940, when the Social Security program was just getting under way, average life expectancy was less than 64 years.The program's designers expected that most people would contribute to the program most of their lives and die before collecting a dime in retirement benefits. Today, average life expectancy in the United States is more than 75 years. As life expectancy has soared, birthrates have declined, leaving fewer and fewer workers to support the ballooning number of retirees. In 1950, [the system] was solidly supported with 16 workers paying for each retiree; today, there are just over three workers per beneficiary. † The increase in average life expectancy has created a problem for the Social Security system becauseCorrect B ) more people are collecting retirement benefits. The two broad categories of government spending are Correct B ) the purchase of goods and services and payments to disadvantaged groups. Although direct mail and special events are typical fundraising methods, one senator who was challenging an incumbent got the most money from his own personal phone calls to donors. Correct A ) True Transfer payments from the government to individuals or other levels of government might be used for all of the following EXCEPT Correct C ) maintenance of the armed forces. A Value-added tax is CorrectA ) tax placed on the value that manufacturers add at the end of production. B ased on this passage: â€Å"Every year at this time, Congress discovers, with a great public show of dismay and indignation, the existence of the American tax code and the agency that administers it, the Internal Revenue Service. There are high-minded calls for abolishing the current tax system and replacing it. Around April 15, Congress likes to pretend that the tax code just sort of appeared or just happened. But the Constitution puts the burden of taxes solely, exclusively and entirely on Congress' shoulders.The tax code is the way it is because a majority of Congress wants it that way. Members of Congress probably like to pretend that the tax code just â€Å"sort of appeared† because they Correct B ) don't want voters to associate them with taxes. Leisure and creative pursuits are called Correct D ) culture The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Correct D ) did little to benefit people without children or capital gains. Overall, who benefited most from tax reform in 1997? Corre ct C ) the top 20 percent of wage and income earners __________ is the part of the economy made up of federal, state, and local governments. CorrectB ) Public sector The flat tax Correct D ) simplifies the tax process. A value-added tax (VAT) is Correct B ) tax on the value added at every stage of the production process The alternative minimum tax Correct B ) requires people to pay a minimum tax of 20 percent. The VAT is a ______ tax. Correct D ) federal All of the following are effects of increased government spending EXCEPT Correct D ) a decrease in competition between the public and private sectors. The flat tax Correct C ) departs from ability-to-pay principle of taxation. All levels of government combined consume about Correct B ) one-third of the nation's output.All of the following EXCEPT one are advantages to a value-added tax. Correct B ) it is invisible to consumers All of the following are effects of the federal debt EXCEPT Correct D ) interest rates are lowered. An examp le of mandatory spending is financing for Correct A ) interest payments on the federal debt. The pay-as-you-go provision is Correct D ) requirement that new spending proposals or tax cuts must be offset by reductions elsewhere. Who pays for the maintenance on the state highway linking Tyler, Texas, with Corsicana, Texas? Correct C ) Texas The sequence for the approval of the federal budget is CorrectB ) president to Congress back to president. Based on the facts given in the passage: â€Å"One result of the current Social Security debate has been to concentrate the public's mind on the true economic condition of the elderly. While the top 20% of seniors are relatively affluent? almost all of the rest are highly dependent on Social Security. The program provided at least half of the total income of more than 55% of senior citizens and at least 75% of the total income of more than a third. Social Security lifted 11. 4 million seniors-or nearly half of the 65-and-older population-out of poverty, cutting the elderly's poverty rate from 47. % to 11. 9%. ,† approximately how many Americans are age 65 or older? Correct C ) slightly under 22. 8 million Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of local expenditures? Correct B ) public utilities Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the federal deficit to the federal debt? Correct B ) The federal deficit leads to borrowing, which adds to the federal debt. According to the passage: â€Å"One result of the current Social Security debate has been to concentrate the public's mind on the true economic condition of the elderly.While the top 20% of seniors are relatively affluent? almost all of the rest are highly dependent on Social Security. The program provided at least half of the total income of more than 55% of senior citizens and at least 75% of the total income of more than a third. Social Security lifted 11. 4 million seniors-or nearly half of th e 65-and-older population-out of poverty, cutting the elderly's poverty rate from 47. 6% to 11. 9%. ,† about what percentage of the elderly would be living in poverty if the Social Security system did not exist? Correct A ) 47. 6% The United States government accumulated huge deficits during the 1980's due toCorrect C ) a doubling of spending on national defense. All of the following are differences between the federal debt and private debt EXCEPT Correct C ) the federal debt is the total amount of money borrowed from investors. Interest on debt is Correct D ) costs incurred by both state and local governments for borrowing money Which of the following is NOT an example of a local government? Correct C ) neighborhood associations The federal debt is Correct D ) amount borrowed to finance deficit spending budget with neither a surplus or deficit Which of the following is an example of an entitlement payment?Correct B ) federal money given to a senior citizen as a Social Securit y payment All of the following are local officials with approval power for spending EXCEPT Correct D ) the tax assessor. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the federal deficit to the federal debt? Correct B ) The federal deficit leads to borrowing, which adds to the federal debt. From the choices below, identify when the federal government began significant deficit spending. Correct C ) 1980's Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of state expenditures?Correct D ) higher education Who formulates the federal budget? Correct C ) the president Of the four categories listed below, which accounts for the largest amount of local expenditures? Correct B ) public utilities Based on the passage: â€Å"The Aztec in Central America used cacao beans, from which chocolate is made, as money. Prices varied from a few beans for a piece of fruit to several thousand for an enslaved person. Aztec merchants had to take care when se lling expensive items. Payment usually came stored in sacks, and the sacks might contain counterfeit money-bean husks filled with mud. What type of money did the Aztec use? Correct D ) commodity money Which of the following statements about a gold standard is FALSE? Correct C ) It is easier to expand the money supply. The United States government ended the gold standard in Correct B ) 1934. Based on the passage: † To get its new Sacajawea dollar into circulation, the U. S. Mint has issued more than 500 million of the golden coins since the end of January, not only to banks, but also to Wal-Mart and Sam's club stores. But in what may be the greatest coin trick ever, the dollars have all but vanished.People are making them into jewelry, auctioning them off on eBay, and leaving them under pillows on behalf of the tooth fairy-anything but spending them†¦. The Mint expects Sacajawea to be back in circulation by year-end, when more than a billion of the dollars will have been m inted and the novelty, it hopes, will have worn off. † Sacajawea dollars have disappeared because many people believe they are Correct A ) worth more as a commodity than as currency. According to the passage: â€Å"After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, Russian currency was not trusted. Real money played a fairly small part in Russia's economy.Most business was conducted by barter or with IOUs. For example, workers rarely received wages in the form of cash. A bicycle factory outside the city of Perm paid its workers in bicycles! To get cash, the workers had to sell their â€Å"paychecks† More often than not, they simply traded the bicycles for the products they want. † most business in Russia, at that time, was conducted without currency because Russian currency was not Correct A ) accepted. Greenbacks and United States notes were issued to Correct A ) raise money to finance the Civil War. The value of fiat money is Correct D ) faith in the government.Th ese passages in the United States Constitution† â€Å"Article 1, Section 8: The Congress shall have the power: To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof and in Article 1, Section 10: No State shall coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts†¦. † made which of the following statements true at that time? Correct C ) The government could not print paper money.Which of the following statements about a gold standard is FALSE? Correct C ) It is easier to expand the money supply. The problem with Continental dollars was that Correct A ) so much was printed they became nearly worthless. Money that has an alternative use as an economic good is Correct A ) commodity money. Money functions as all of the following EXCEPT Correct D ) a measure of value. One disadvantage of using gold as a standard for money is Correct D ) paper currency holders could exchange it for gold. What is the origin of the American dollar? Correct B ) the Spanish peso and shillings Money by government decree; has no alternative value or use as a commodity is called Correct C ) fiat moneyFiat currency is also known as ________. (hint: look at the paper money in your possession. ) Correct A ) legal tender The part of modern money that we can touch consists of Correct B ) Federal Reserve Notes. Local banks in the 1800's that printed too much money were called Correct A ) wildcat banks. ________ is/are the monetary standard under which the basic currency unit is equivalent to, and can be exchanged for, a specific amount of gold Corr ect D ) Gold standard To make a difference with the Spanish peso, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton divided the dollar into Correct B ) tenths (10 equal pieces). Most stocks in the United States are traded on theCorrect B ) over-the-counter market. In what city was America's first stock exchange located? Correct B ) Philadelphia To determine Gross National Product, Correct C ) add to GDP all payments received by Americans outside the U. S. and subtract payments made to foreign-owned resources in the U. S. In 2001, the national debt was $5. 1 trillion dollars. When President Obama was inaugurated in January of 2009, the national debt was $10. 6 trillion. Sixteen months later the national debt is Correct A ) $13. 1 trillion dollars. In the Gross Domestic Product defense spending is in which sector? Correct B ) governmenGross Domestic Product is CorrectD ) dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. Which is the best measure of th e nation's income? Correct B ) GNP Which stock exchange the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the United States. Correct D ) NASDAQ A bull market is a Correct C ) period during which stock market prices move up for several months or years in a row. The Efficient Market Hypothesis argues that Correct A ) stocks are always priced about right and bargains are hard to find. A bear market is a Correct A ) period during which stock market prices move down for several months or years in a row.The great majority of stocks in the United States are traded on Correct C ) the over-the-counter market. The Efficient Market Hypothesis argues that Correct A ) stocks are always priced about right. According to the United States Treasury, the US national debt is the Correct A ) principal amount owed by the US to its lenders, for example, China and Japan A stock transaction that is made immediately at the market price is made in the Correct B ) spot market. The larges t sector of the macroeconomy is the Correct D ) consumer sector. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) represent what market value of all U. S. stocks on the New York Stock Exchange Correct A ) fifth (20%)Which of the following is the most important aggregate of how a country is doing economically? Correct C ) gross national produce Investors who sign a contract guaranteeing them the option of selling shares of stock at a specified price in the future have agreed to a Correct D ) put option. In the model GDP = C + I + G + F, the â€Å"F† represents the Correct B ) difference between the dollar value of goods sent abroad and goods purchased from abroad. Since colonial times, the average size of a household in the United States has Correct B ) decreased. Which best describes the movement of the center of population of the United States? Correct C ) east to westBy April 2000, the population of the United States stood at about 281. 4 million people. This year's anticipated cens us will be _____ million people. Correct D ) 309 The official count of all people in the United States is called Correct D ) the decennial census. A price index is a ______________. Correct C ) a statistical series that can be used to measure changes in prices over time Real GDP is Correct D ) GDP adjusted to remove the distortion of inflation. Life expectancy is the Correct A ) average remaining life span in years for persons who attain a given age. Since colonial times, the rate of growth of the United States population has Correct B ) steadily decreased.What is the implicit GDP price deflator? Correct A ) a price index that measures price changes in GDP All of the following factors affect population growth EXCEPT Correct A ) demographers. All of the following statements about real GDP are true EXCEPT Correct C ) real GDP is the same as current GDP. Which of the following is the correct way to calculate real GDP? Correct B ) Divide current GDP by the implicit GDP price deflator an d then multiply by 100. The United States lost 600,000 soldiers during World War II and another 37,00 in the Korean War. In the years from 1946 until 1964 there were 76 million babies born. This era has been named the Correct B ) baby boom.The official count of all people in the United States is called Correct D ) the decennial census. Economists know it is important to track inflation because it Correct B ) distorts statistics about overall economic performThe mean center of United States population (using the centroid definition) has been calculated for each U. S. Census since 1790. Currently this point is located in Correct D ) Missouri. All of the following factors affect population growth EXCEPT Correct A ) demographers. To construct a price index, all of the following are needed EXCEPT Correct B ) the current inflation rate. Business cycles are Correct A ) nonsystematic upturns and downturns of real GDP.Real GDP per capita is the preferred measure of economic growth over the l ong run because Correct B ) prices and the population change over time. This marked the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929: Correct D ) stock market crash The United States experienced almost no growth in real GDP per capita Correct A ) between 1929 and 1939. Which of the following factors affect economic growth? Correct D ) all of the above Which of the following statements about economic growth is FALSE? Correct C ) Economic growth decreases the tax base. Increasing productivity results in Correct A ) increasing economic growth. An econometric model is a CorrectD ) macroeconomic model that uses algebraic equations to describe how the economy behaves. A number of factors are important to economic growth-especially the quantity and quality of the Correct C ) factors of production (A)(An) ___________ is a monthly statistical series that anticipates changes to the real GDP. Correct D ) index of leading indicators The United States experienced almost no growth in real GDP per ca pita Correct A ) between 1929 and 1939. A period during which real GDP declines for two quarters in a row, or six consecutive months, is call a(n) ___________. It begins when the economy reaches a peak, and ends when the economy reaches a trough. Correct A ) recession The passage: â€Å"A key gauge of future U. S. conomic activity declined 0. 5% last month, as the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington weakened an already troubled economy. The Conference Board said Monday its index of leading economic indicators fell to 109. 2 in September,†¦ the largest one-month decline since January 1996†¦. The index indicates where the overall U. S. economy is headed in the next three to six months†¦. The economy had been struggling for several months before the Sept. 11 attacks. Many economists have said they believe that a recession is unavoidable with the new uncertainties raised by the disaster. † discusses a business fluctuation influenced by Correct D ) external shock.The _____ is a composite index of 11 economic series that move up and down in advance of changes in the overall economy; statistical series used to predict business cycle turning points. Correct C ) econometric model Your ________ is the quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier. Correct B ) standard of living Increasing productivity results in Correct A ) increasing economic growth. The business cycle since World War II has been characterized by Correct A ) extended expansions alternating with brief recessions. Changes in ____________ expenditures are one cause of business cycles. Correct D ) capital A major feature of a __________ is its ability to increase real per capita output enough to allow people to raise their standard of living.This system also increases people's free time, allowing them to devote more attention to families, hobbies, and recreational activities. Correct C ) free enterprise economy When product ivity grows, people produce relatively ______ with the same amount of inputs, and the prices of goods and services tend to stay _______. Correct D ) more, low The change in price level is the _______. Correct B ) an increase in the general price level Prices tend to _______ during expansions and then ________ during recessions. Correct A ) rise faster, slow down To measure the price level, economists select a market basket of goods and then construct a price index such as the Correct B ) consumer price index, producer price index, or implicit GDP.Because there are always some workers who are in the process of changing jobs, there will always be some ____________ unemployment in the economy. Correct D ) frictional According to the passage: â€Å"The nation's unemployment rate rose to 4. 5 percent in June as manufacturers continued to suffer heavy job losses and demand for workers in service industries fell to the lowest level in 10 months. The Labor Department reported Friday that t he jobless rate rose 0. 1 percentage point from a 4. 4 percent rate in May. The 4. 5 percent level matched the unemployment rate in April with both months representing the highest level the jobless rate has reached in the year-long economic slowdown. † what was the highest level that unemployment reached that year? Correct D ) 4. % All of the following are theories regarding the cause of inflation EXCEPT Correct C ) cost-pull. Unemployment that occurs when a fundamental change in the operations of the economy reduces the demand for workers and their skills is called ___________ unemployment. Correct A ) technological The ________ curve is a curve that shows how much the actual distribution of income varies from an equal distribution. Correct B ) Lorenz At the peak of the Great Depression 1 out of ____ were unemployed. Correct A ) 4 A relatively low rate of inflation, usually 1 to 3 percent annually is Correct A ) creeping inflation A booming economy. Record-low unemployment.A blizzard of pink slips [a note stating that a person has been fired]. What's wrong with this picture? The fact is, even in the best of times hundreds of thousands of people lose their jobs through no fault of their own†¦. You might not get any advance warning, so don't be caught off guard. Have an up-to-date resume and networking system†¦. You want to be able to launch your job search soon after you get the bad news. What type of unemployment does this passage describe? Correct D ) frictional The unemployment rate understates employment conditions for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Correct A ) some workers are â€Å"between jobs† for one reason or another. Galloping inflation is CorrectB ) intense form of inflation that can go as high as 100 to 300 percent The passage: â€Å"For all the recent talk of cutting taxes, Congress rarely cuts them when the economy is growing robustly, as it is now, and unemployment is low. The worry among economists is that the extr a money in people's pockets may make an already strong economy too strong, finally stoking inflation after a long period of relatively stable prices. † describes rising inflation as a possible result of Correct B ) a booming economy. According to the demand-pull theory, inflation is caused by Correct D ) consumers. Full employment is reached when the employment rate drops below _____ percent. Correct B ) 4. 5 Changes in technology and changes in consumer tastes can cause Correct B ) structural unemployment.According to the demand-pull theory, inflation is caused by Correct D ) all of the above. Unemployment that is directly related to swings in the business cycle is Correct C ) cyclical unemployment According to the passage: â€Å"The Bank of Amsterdam was established in Holland in 1609. At that time, Amsterdam was a center of world trade. More than 340 different kinds of silver coins and about 500 types of gold coins circulated throughout the city. Dutch merchants had little idea how much these coins were worth, so the Bank of Amsterdam was set up under a charter from the city to standardize the currency. The Bank of Amsterdam operated as Holland's central bank for more than 200 years.After making a series of bad loans, however, it failed and went out of business in 1819-almost 100 years before America's central bank was founded. † why did the Bank of Amsterdam stop operating? Correct C ) It made bad loans. actions by the Federal Reserve System to expand or contract the money supply in order to affect the cost and availability of credit Correct D ) monetary policy A portion of the deposits in the form of coins and currency that banks and other depository institutions are required to hold are called ________ reserves. Correct D ) legal The quantity theory of money holds that excessive increases in the monetary supply Correct C ) lead to inflation.Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan decided seven years ago to publicize the central bank's intere st-rate moves once they were made. Now, each meeting of the Fed-whether the central bank changes rates or not-triggers a chorus of instant analysis of what it means for the economy and the financial markets. Which function of the Federal Reserve is the subject of this passage? Correct C ) regulating the money supply The Fed remains largely independent from politics for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Correct D ) the president and Congress appoint new members to vacant seats on the Board of Governors. he dilemma faced by the Fed when considering monetary policy is the choice between Correct A ) inflation and interest rates.Based on this quotation: â€Å"Not too many years ago, Federal Reserve officials conducted monetary policy as if they were members of the Politburo plotting behind the thick walls of the Kremlin. † the author believed that the Federal Reserve had been too Correct D ) secretive. When command economies make the transition to capitalism, they face all of th e following challenges except Correct A ) the Gosplan. Correct B ) debts and obligations. The Fed has defined different categories of money, M1 and M2, according to the money's Correct B ) function. Repeated short-run attempts to keep interest rates low result in a _________ of the money supply, making inflation _________. Correct A ) long-term expansion, worse e FED has defined M2 as Correct A ) represents the components of the money supply that most closely conform to money's role as a. store of value. Which letter designations mark Fed actions that will expand the money supply? Correct B ) Lower reserve requirement, Buy bonds, Lower discount rate. The ___________ is the interest the Fed charges on loans to financial institutions. Correct D ) discount rate Assets are Correct A ) properties, possessions, and claims on others. n the long run, changes in the supply of money affect the ____________. Correct C ) general level of prices Which letter designations mark Fed actions that wi ll contract the money supply? CorrectC ) Raise reserve requirement, Sell bonds, Raise discount rate For a bank to be profitable, how much of a spread must it maintain between the rate it charges on loans and the rate it pays for borrowed funds? Correct B ) 2-3 percent A balance sheet shows all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) bank assets on the right of the T account. All of the following are tools of monetary policy EXCEPT Correct C ) tight money controls. The dilemma faced by the Fed when considering monetary policy is the choice between Correct A ) inflation and interest rates. The price of credit is the ______. Correct A ) rate of interest At times the Fed monetizes the debt in order to CorrectB ) keep interest rates from rising. In the short run, monetary policy affects Correct C ) interest rates and available credit. The social costs of economic instability include all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) stagflation. Those who favor supply-side policies would tend to suppor t the government playing Correct B ) a reduced role in the economy. Monetarism is described as Correct D ) emphasis on the role of money and its growth as a key to controlling inflation and unemployment. Deregulation is most closely associated with Correct D ) supply-side economics. Economic instability wastes all of the following EXCEPT Correct C ) tax revenues.According to John Maynard Keynes's theory of the multiplier-accelerator effect, a decline in investment spending will Correct B ) lead to a downward spiral of the economy. ____________ policies are federal policies designed to increase or decrease total demand in the economy by shifting the aggregate demand curve to the right or to the left. Correct D ) Demand-side Aggregate demand will increase Correct D ) if consumers save less and spend more. Unlike demand-side economics, supply-side economics Correct A ) advocates reduced government involvement in business. The unofficial statistic that is the sum of monthly inflation an d the unemployment rate; same as discomfort index is Correct B ) misery indexAccording to Keynesian economics, only the _________ sector is big enough to step in and offset changes in investment sector spending. Correct B ) consumer The ____________ is the sum of the monthly inflation and unemployment rates. Correct A ) misery index Which is an example of the uncertainty caused by economic instability? Correct B ) A consumer delays a purchase. Social costs are Correct D ) price of economic instability in human terms. The _____________ like unemployment insurance and Social Security protect consumers and the economy in general if economic conditions worsen. Correct A ) automatic stabilizers Which of the following statements is FALSE? Correct B ) Economic instability is at the root of all social problems. John Maynard Keynes CorrectD ) introduced his theories in 1936. The social costs of economic instability include all of the following EXCEPT Correct A ) stagflation. Economists measu re the cost of economic instability with Correct D ) both a and b Wage price controls are Correct B ) regulations making it illegal for businesses to give workers raises or to raise prices without the explicit permission of the government. Stagflation is ________. Correct B ) period of stagnant growth combined with inflation The use of government spending and taxing to influence economic activity is called _ Correct B ) fiscal A period of stagnant growth combined with inflation is known as ____________. CorrectB ) stagnation The basis for international trade stems from Correct B ) the differences in production costs from one country to another. The Council of Economic Advisers Correct C ) advises the president on economic developments and strategy. The three-member group that reports on economic developments and proposes strategies to the president is called the Correct A ) Council of Economic Advisers. Which is the best description of the role of the Council of Economic Advisers? C orrect A ) report economic developments and propose strategies The nation's monetary policy Correct A ) often comes under attack from politicians. The United States imports CorrectC ) billions of dollars in products each year. Which of the following is proof that international trade is beneficial? Correct C ) the fact that free nations choose to trade vThe three-member group that reports on economic developments to the president is called the Correct B ) Council of Economic Advisers. A country has a(n) ___________ whenever it is able to produce more of a given product than another. Correct A ) absolute advantage ____________ economic policies grew out of the unemployment and other problems that occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930's. Correct D ) Demand-side All of the following describe economists EXCEPT CorrectB ) economists are sharply divided into competing schools of thought with little overlap of ideas and beliefs. If a country wants to trade a product with another country, it must have a(n) ___________ in the production of that product. Correct D ) comparative advantage Alpha can produce either 10 apples or 3 oranges. Beta can produce either 12 apples or 3 oranges. Correct C ) Beta has an absolute advantage in the production of apples. Imports are Correct B ) goods and services that one country buys from other countries. The ability of a country to produce a product with greater output per unit of input is Correct A ) absolute advantage. . A country has a comparative advantage when it can